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Properties of substance:
thorium
Group of substances:
inorganic
Physical appearance:
cubic metal
Empirical formula (Hill's system for organic substances):
Th
Structural formula as text:
Th
Molar/atomic mass: 232.04
Melting point (°C):
1750
Boiling point (°C):
4800
Solubility (g/100 g of solvent):
mercury
: 0.0154 (25°C) [
Ref.
]
mercury
: 5 (300°C) [
Ref.
]
water
: insoluble [
Ref.
]
Numerical data:
Year of discovery: 1828
Superconducting temperature (K): 1.374
Density:
11.7 (25°C, g/cm
3
)
Half-life:
208
90
Th = 2.4 ms (α (about 100%))
209m
90
Th = 3.1 ms (α (about 100%))
210
90
Th = 16.0 ms ()
211
90
Th = 48 ms ()
212
90
Th = 31.7 ms (α (about 100%))
213
90
Th = 144 ms ()
213m
90
Th = 1.4 μs (internal transition (100%))
214
90
Th = 87 ms (α (about 100%))
215
90
Th = 1.2 s (α (100%))
216
90
Th = 26.0 ms (α (about 100%))
216m
90
Th = 134 μs ()
216n
90
Th = 580 ns (internal transition (100%))
216p
90
Th = 740 ns (internal transition (100%))
217
90
Th = 247 μs (α (100%))
217m
90
Th = 141 ns (internal transition (100%))
217n
90
Th = 71 μs (internal transition (100%))
218
90
Th = 117 ns (α (100%))
219
90
Th = 1.021 μs (α (100%))
220
90
Th = 9.7 μs (α (100%))
221
90
Th = 1.78 ms (α (100%))
222
90
Th = 2.24 ms (α (100%))
223
90
Th = 600 ms (α (100%))
224
90
Th = 1.04 s (α (100%))
225
90
Th = 8.75 min (α (about 90%), electron capture (about 10%))
226
90
Th = 30.70 min (α (100%), heavy cluster emission)
227
90
Th = 18.697 d (α (100%))
228
90
Th = 1.9116 y (α (about 100%); heavy cluster emission
20
O (0.000 000 000 011 3%); mass excess 26772,2 keV)
229
90
Th = 7 920 y (α (100%))
230
90
Th = 75 400 y (α (100%), spontaneous fission. heavy cluster emission
24
Ne (5.8·10
-11
%))
231
90
Th = 25.52 h (β
-
(100%))
232
90
Th = 14 000 000 000 y (α (100%), spontaneous fission (1.1·10
-9
%) (isotopic abundance 100%))
233
90
Th = 21.83 min (β
-
(100%))
234
90
Th = 24.10 d (β
-
(100%))
235
90
Th = 7.2 min (β
-
(100%))
236
90
Th = 37.3 min (β
-
(100%))
237
90
Th = 4.8 min (β
-
(100%))
238
90
Th = 9.4 min (β
-
(100%))
Vapour pressure (Torr):
0.1 (2460°C)
1 (2730°C)
10 (3080°C)
100 (3610°C)
Electrode potential:
Th
4+
+ e
-
→ Th
3+
, E = -3.7 V (water, 25°C)
Th
4+
+ 4e
-
→ Th, E = -1.899 V (water, 25°C)
Standard molar enthalpy (heat) of formation Δ
f
H
0
(298.15 K, kJ/mol):
0 (s)
Standard molar Gibbs energy of formation Δ
f
G
0
(298.15 K, kJ/mol):
0 (s)
Standard molar entropy S
0
(298.15 K, J/(mol·K)):
53.39 (s)
Molar heat capacity at constant pressure C
p
(298.15 K, J/(mol·K)):
27.32 (s)
Standard molar enthalpy (heat) of formation Δ
f
H
0
(298.15 K, kJ/mol):
594 (g)
Standard molar entropy S
0
(298.15 K, J/(mol·K)):
190 (g)
Molar heat capacity at constant pressure C
p
(298.15 K, J/(mol·K)):
20.8 (g)
Molar enthalpy (heat) of fusion Δ
fus
H (kJ/mol):
14
Enthalpy (heat) of vaporization Δ
vap
H (kJ/mol):
540
References:
Seidell A. Solubilities of inorganic and metal organic compounds. - 3ed., vol.1. - New York: D. Van Nostrand Company, 1940. - pp. 1528
Бекман И.Н. Радиохимия. Том II: Радиоактивные элементы. - М.: Издатель Мархитин П.Ю., 2014. - pp. 129-136 [Russian]
Гурвич Я.А. Справочник молодого аппаратчика-химика. - М.: Химия, 1991. - pp. 51 [Russian]
Рабинович В.А., Хавин З.Я. Краткий химический справочник. - Л.: Химия, 1977. - pp. 105, 312 [Russian]
Рябчиков Д.И., Гольбрайх Е.К. Аналитическая химия тория. - М.: ИАН СССР, 1960. - pp. 5-18 [Russian]
Сонгина О.А. Редкие металлы. - 3 изд. - М.: Металлургия, 1964. - pp. 239-246 [Russian]
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© Collected Ruslan Anatolievich Kiper, burewestnik@mail.ru
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