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Properties of substance:

bromine

Group of substances:

inorganic

Physical appearance:

liquid

Empirical formula (Hill's system for organic substances):

Br2

Structural formula as text:

Br2

Molar/atomic mass: 159.81

Melting point (°C):

-7.25

Boiling point (°C):

58.8

CAS №: 7726-95-6


Solubility (g/100 g of solvent):

acetone: reaction [Ref.]
carbon disulphide: miscible [Ref.]
carbon disulphide: 83.15 (-95°C) [Ref.]
carbon tetrachloride: soluble [Ref.]
chloroform: very soluble [Ref.]
diethyl ether: very soluble [Ref.]
ethanol: very soluble [Ref.]
hydrogen chloride liquid anhydrous: very soluble [Ref.]
hydrogen fluoride : sparingly soluble [Ref.]
kerosene: soluble [Ref.]
phosphoric acid 85%: sparingly soluble [Ref.]
sulfur dioxide: miscible [Ref.]
sulfur monochloride: soluble [Ref.]
sulfuric acid 95%: 0.75 (25°C) [Ref.]
water: 4.3 (-0.58°C) [Ref.]
water: 3.58 (20°C) [Ref.]
water: 3.43 (30°C) [Ref.]
water: 3.58 (54°C) [Ref.]
water: 0.14 (100°C) [Ref.]

Numerical data:

Year of discovery: 1826
Triple point temperature (°C): -7.3
Triple point pressure (torr): 46

Density:

3.4 (-7.3°C, d4)
3.1883 (0°C, d4)
3.1193 (20°C, g/cm3)
3.102 (25°C, g/cm3)
3.0848 (30°C, g/cm3)
3.0494 (40°C, d4)

Reactions:

  1. [Ref.1]
    2Au + 3Br2 → 2AuBr3
  2. [Ref.1]
    2K + Br2 → 2KBr
  3. Yeild 93-98%. [Ref.1aster]
    NaI + 4Br2 + 10NaOH → Na3H2IO6 + 8NaBr + 4H2O
  4. Yeild 48-53%. [Ref.1aster, Ref.2aster, Ref.3aster]
    C6H6 + Br2 → C6H5Br + HBr
  5. Yeild 85%. [Ref.1]
    2KCNO + 2Br2 + H2SO4 → 2Br2C=NOH + K2SO4
  6. Yeild 94%. [Ref.1aster]
    C10H12 + 4Br2 → C10H8Br4 + 4HBr
  7. Yeild 90%. [Ref.1aster, Ref.2aster]
    KCN + Br2 → BrCN + KBr
  8. Yeild 100%. [Ref.1]
    KSCN + 8Br2 + 4H2O → BrCN + KBr + H2SO4 + 6HBr
  9. Yeild 90%. [Ref.1aster, Ref.2aster, Ref.3aster, Ref.4aster]
    NaCN + Br2 → BrCN + NaBr
  10. [Ref.1aster]
    ZrO2 + 2C + 2Br2 → ZrBr4 + 2CO
  11. [Ref.1aster]
    Pb(SCN)2 + Br2 → PbBr2 + (SCN)2
  12. [Ref.1aster]
    H2 + Br2 → 2HBr
  13. [Ref.1]
    Zr + 2Br2 → ZrBr4
  14. [Ref.1aster]
    (CH3)2C=NOH + Br2 → (CH3)2CBrNO + HBr

Half-life:

7035Br = 79.1 ms (β+ (100%))
70m35Br = 2.2 s ()
7135Br = 21.4 s (β+ (100%))
7235Br = 78.6 s (β+ (100%))
72m35Br = 10.6 s (internal transition (about 100%))
7335Br = 3.4 min (β+ (100%))
7435Br = 25.4 min (β+ (100%))
74m35Br = 46 min (β+ (100%))
7535Br = 96.7 min (β+ (100%))
7635Br = 16.2 h (β+ (100%))
76m35Br = 1.31 s (internal transition (about 100%))
7735Br = 57.04 h (β+ (100%))
77m35Br = 4.28 min (internal transition (100%))
7835Br = 6.45 min (β+ (about 100%))
78m35Br = 119.4 μs (internal transition (100%))
7935Br = stable ( (isotopic abundance 50,69%))
79m35Br = 4.86 s (internal transition (100%))
8035Br = 17.68 min (β- (91.7%), β+ (8.3%))
80m35Br = 4.4205 h (internal transition (100%))
8135Br = stable ( (isotopic abundance 49,31%))
81m35Br = 34.6 μs (internal transition (100%))
8235Br = 35.282 h (β- (100%))
82m35Br = 6.13 min (internal transition (97.6%), β- (2.4%))
8335Br = 2.40 h (β- (100%))
83m35Br = 729 ns (internal transition (100%))
8435Br = 31.76 min (β- (100%))
84m35Br = 6.0 min (β- (100%))
9435Br = 70 ms (β- (100%), β-n (68%))

Refractive index (nD):

1.6475 (25°C)

Vapour pressure (Torr):

0.13 (-80°C)
0.79 (-60°C)
1.09 (-50°C)
3.4 (-40°C)
7.45 (-30°C)
10 (-26°C)
16.5 (-20°C)
44.4 (-7.3°C)
65.9 (0°C)
100 (8.6°C)
173 (20°C)
264 (30°C)
392 (40°C)
564 (50°C)

Electrode potential:

Br2(ж.) + 2e- → 2Br-, E = 1.065 V (water, 25°C)

Permittivity (dielectric constant):

3.22 (15°C)

Viscosity (mPa·s):

1.253 (0°C)
0.942 (25°C)
0.746 (50°C)

Surface tension (mN/m):

44.1 (13°C)
41.5 (20°C)

Speed sound (m/s):

135 (0°C, aggregative state - gas)

Standard molar enthalpy (heat) of formation ΔfH0 (298.15 K, kJ/mol):

0 (l)

Standard molar Gibbs energy of formation ΔfG0 (298.15 K, kJ/mol):

0 (l)

Standard molar entropy S0 (298.15 K, J/(mol·K)):

152.2 (l)

Molar heat capacity at constant pressure Cp (298.15 K, J/(mol·K)):

75.69 (l)

Molar enthalpy (heat) of fusion ΔfusH (kJ/mol):

9.44

Enthalpy (heat) of vaporization ΔvapH (kJ/mol):

29.5

LD50 (mg/kg):

5500 (guinea pig, oral)
3100 (mice, oral)

Critical temperature (°C):

311

Critical pressure (MPa):

10.3

Critical density (g/cm3):

1.18

References:

  1. Angewandte Chemie International Edition. - 1966. - Vol. 5, No. 3. - pp. 280-287
  2. Bretherick's Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards. - 6 ed., Vol. 1. - Butterworth-Heinemann, 1999. - pp. 103-109
  3. Seidell A. Solubilities of inorganic and metal organic compounds. - 3ed., vol.1. - New York: D. Van Nostrand Company, 1940. - pp. 206-214
  4. Агрономов А.Е., Шабаров Ю.С. Лабораторные работы в органическом практикуме. - М., 1974. - pp. 276-277 [Russian]
  5. Вредные химические вещества: Неорганические соединения элементов V-VIII групп. Справочник. - Л., 1989. - pp. 389-390 [Russian]
  6. Гурвич Я.А. Справочник молодого аппаратчика-химика. - М.: Химия, 1991. - pp. 50, 229 [Russian]
  7. Карякин Ю.В., Ангелов И.И. Чистые химические вещества. - М., 1974. - pp. 75-76 [Russian]
  8. Позин М.Е. Технология минеральных солей (удобрений, пестицидов, промышленных солей, окислов и кислот). - Ч.1. - Л.: Химия, 1974. - pp. 206-231 [Russian]
  9. Полянский Н.Г. Аналитическая химия брома. - М.: Наука, 1980. - pp. 13-19 [Russian]
  10. Рабинович В.А., Хавин З.Я. Краткий химический справочник. - Л.: Химия, 1977. - pp. 57 [Russian]
  11. Справочник по растворимости. - Т.1, Кн.1. - М.-Л.: ИАН СССР, 1961. - pp. 621-623 [Russian]
  12. Физические величины. - Под ред. Григорьева И.С., Мейлихова Е.З. - М.: Энергоатомиздат, 1991. - pp. 134 [Russian]
  13. Химическая технология неорганических веществ. - Кн.2, под ред. Ахметова Т.Г. - М.: Высшая школа, 2002. - pp. 306-331 [Russian]
  14. Химическая энциклопедия. - Т. 1. - М.: Советская энциклопедия, 1988. - pp. 318 [Russian]

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    © Collected Ruslan Anatolievich Kiper, burewestnik@mail.ru