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Properties of substance:
germanium
Group of substances:
inorganic
Physical appearance:
cubic metal
Empirical formula (Hill's system for organic substances):
Ge
Structural formula as text:
Ge
Molar/atomic mass: 72.59
Melting point (°C):
937
Boiling point (°C):
2850
Solubility (g/100 g of solvent):
mercury
: 0.000003 (20°C) [
Ref.
]
mercury
: 0.027 (300°C) [
Ref.
]
water
: insoluble [
Ref.
]
Numerical data:
Year of discovery: 1886
Density:
5.323 (25°C, g/cm
3
)
Half-life:
61
32
Ge = 44 ms (β
+
(100%))
62
32
Ge = 129 ms (β
+
(100%))
63
32
Ge = 142 ms (β
+
(100%))
64
32
Ge = 63.7 s (β
+
(100%))
65
32
Ge = 30.9 s (β
+
(100%), β
+
p (0.011%))
66
32
Ge = 2.26 h (β
+
(100%))
67
32
Ge = 18.9 min (β
+
(100%))
68
32
Ge = 270.93 d (electron capture (100%))
69
32
Ge = 39.05 h (β
+
(100%))
69m
32
Ge = 5.1 μs (internal transition (100%))
69n
32
Ge = 2.81 μs (internal transition (100%))
70
32
Ge = stable ( (isotopic abundance 20,57%))
71
32
Ge = 11.43 d (electron capture (100%))
72
32
Ge = stable ( (isotopic abundance 27,45%))
72m
32
Ge = 444.2 ns (internal transition (100%))
73
32
Ge = stable ( (isotopic abundance 7,75%))
73m
32
Ge = 2.92 μs (internal transition (100%))
73n
32
Ge = 499 ms (internal transition (100%))
74
32
Ge = stable ( (isotopic abundance 36,5%))
75
32
Ge = 82.78 s (β
-
(100%))
75m
32
Ge = 47.7 s (internal transition (about 100%), β
-
(0.030%))
75n
32
Ge = 216 ns (internal transition (100%))
76
32
Ge = 1.66 · 10
21
y (2β
-
(100%) (isotopic abundance 7,73%))
77
32
Ge = 11.211 h (β
-
(100%))
77m
32
Ge = 53.7 s (β
-
(81%), internal transition (19%))
78
32
Ge = 5.09 s (β
-
(100%))
78m
32
Ge = 110 ns (internal transition (100%))
79
32
Ge = 18.98 s (β
-
(100%))
79m
32
Ge = 39.0 s (β
-
(96%), internal transition (4%))
80
32
Ge = 29.5 s (β
-
(100%))
81
32
Ge = 8 s (β
-
(100%))
82
32
Ge = 4.56 s (β
-
(100%))
83
32
Ge = 1.85 s (β
-
(100%))
84
32
Ge = 951 ms (β
-
(100%), β
-
n (10.7%))
85
32
Ge = 494 ms (β
-
(100%), β
-
n (16.5%))
86
32
Ge = 226 ms (β
-
(100%), β
-
n (45%))
Vapour pressure (Torr):
0.01 (1414°C)
0.1 (1588°C)
1 (1802°C)
10 (2074°C)
100 (2430°C)
Surface tension (mN/m):
600 (959°C)
Standard molar enthalpy (heat) of formation Δ
f
H
0
(298.15 K, kJ/mol):
0 (s)
Standard molar Gibbs energy of formation Δ
f
G
0
(298.15 K, kJ/mol):
0 (s)
Standard molar entropy S
0
(298.15 K, J/(mol·K)):
31.1 (s)
Molar heat capacity at constant pressure C
p
(298.15 K, J/(mol·K)):
23.4 (s)
Molar enthalpy (heat) of fusion Δ
fus
H (kJ/mol):
37
References:
Гринвуд Н., Эрншо А. Химия элементов. - Т.1. - М.: БИНОМ. Лаборатория знаний, 2008. - pp. 347-348 [Russian]
Гурвич Я.А. Справочник молодого аппаратчика-химика. - М.: Химия, 1991. - pp. 50 [Russian]
Давыдов В.И. Германий. - М.: Металлургия, 1964 [Russian]
Назаренко В.А. Аналитическая химия германия. - М.: Наука, 1973. - pp. 7-17 [Russian]
Некрасов Б.В. Основы общей химии. - Т.1. - М.: Химия, 1973. - pp. 626-627 [Russian]
Рабинович В.А., Хавин З.Я. Краткий химический справочник. - Л.: Химия, 1977. - pp. 61 [Russian]
Энциклопедия для детей. - Т.17: Химия. - М.: Аванта+, 2004. - pp. 216 [Russian]
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© Collected Ruslan Anatolievich Kiper, burewestnik@mail.ru
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